b'MUDD 24 URBAN NETWORKS|URBAN GATEWAYSFukuoka is also reinventing itself, but init value, but if it dwells only within an individual a different way compared to Boston.It isit cannot be part of the structure of relations generally recognised that Japans rebirthbetween people.Thus, to have value in the after the war as an economic powerhousesocial setting, knowledge must be shared.It was based upon the strategy of export- can be shared through the communication led industrialisation and was guided by thenetworks of hunter-gathers or through social national bureaucracy and major businessnetworks in cyberspace.Accessibility and conglomerates (Eason 2012).But Fukuokaresilience are facilitators to help in bring about retained much of its previous strategy, asan outcome.Social capital makes an outcome stated by Eason (2012, p. 4): possible and thus in appearance, if not also in fact, it holds the other elements together."The pre-war city was largely run by a cabalThe design objective that is consistent with of self-interested businessmen-turned- this scheme should be to design cities for politicians, who were tight-fisted with theiraccessibility and resilience that they are in money and cooperated with initiatives fromsynch with local spatial networks and enhance the centre primarily when it served theirFigure 3. Population Change in Major Metropolitanthe capacity of both public and private sector economic interests. Fukuoka was, and still is,Areas in Japan.participants to join external digital networks.Source: Fukuoka REIT Corporation (2019)all about consumption and services, producingThis is a form of investment in both social exceedingly little in the way of manufacturedand human capital that could yield substantial goods and lacking an industrial base.Despitereturns in knowledge and experience to all these apparent failings, it has remained thebe diffused widely within a city or region.fastest-growing big city in Japan - after TokyoExamples of this process can be examined in itself - for most of the period since 1945." the design projects for Boston and Fukuoka that are to be found in this yearbook.Based on census data for 2015, and projections made by Japans National Institute of Population and Social Security Research, Fukuoka is the only major metropolitan area that is expanding its population (Fig. 3).Moreover, population growth rates have been higher than birth rates for the metropolitanFigure 4: Youth and Working-Age Population in Major area, indicating that Fukuoka is benefittingJapanese Cities.Source: Fukuoka REIT Corporation (2019)from net migration, especially with younger-age cohorts (Fig. 4).This resulted largelyBoth Boston and Fukuoka are: 1) well endowed from a confluence of events and trends overwith institutions of higher learning, 2) have which Fukuokas municipal administratorsan educated workforce committed to working had little control, but they can be creditedin the knowledge industries and 3) already with recognising the potential gains that werehave spatial networks that have a sufficient being offered.The Fukuoka-Pacific Expositionamount of accessibility and resilience to 15 in 1989 is said to be the turning point in thecreate a satisfactory level of confidence in the decision to embrace foreign markets, butsustainability of those networks.It remains to also to retain the citys previous focus on theshow that social capital is the enabling element production of services rather than expandingthat allows value to be created by those Japans more traditional pursuit of makingnetworks. Unlike other forms of capital, social things.capital resides essentially in the structure of relations between and among persons.It is lodged neither in individuals nor in the physical implements of production (lvarez & Roman, 2017).Knowledge is often defined as a justified true belief and that alone would give MUDD 24 - Urban Gateways | Urban NetworksINTRO 8pt.indd 16 26/11/2019 4:11:26 PM'