b'MUDD 24 URBAN NETWORKS|URBAN GATEWAYSIn parallel, it is expected that the number ofGlobal Energy Penalty per unit of city surface heat related deaths will decrease significantlyand per degree of UHI intensity is around to once advanced mitigation technologies are0.74 (0.67) kW h/m2/K.applied. Figure 9 presents the calculatedRecent research has shown that due to urban decrease of the heat related mortality inwarming, indoor and outdoor temperatures Western Sydney considering the impact of thehave substantially exceeded set comfort mitigation technologies. As shown, in Westerntemperature thresholds, and indeed have Sydney, heat related mortality may decreaseexceeded the maximum allowed temperatures up to 35 % due to the implementation of thefor health reasons. There is a very strong proposed mitigation technologies. relationship between ambient temperatures and mortality rates. Many studies have found that above a threshold ambient temperature, mortality rates increase very rapidly and are considerably higher than annual average values. Although important knowledge has been acquired on the impact of urban warming, more quantitative information is necessary to be collected and evaluated under different climatic and boundary conditions. Figure 9. Western Sydney: excess deaths in theCounterbalancing the impact of urban warming unmitigated and mitigated scenarios (May 2014 can be achieved through the use of efficient May 2015). urban mitigation techniques. Important research has been carried out in recent Increase of the urban temperature is causedyears on the development of techniques and by local phenomena like UHI, and also globaltechnologies to expand green spaces in cities, climate change. The temperature increaseincrease the reflectance of urban surfaces, is very well documented in most of the largedecrease the generation of anthropogenic and medium size cities of the world whileheat, and increase the use of low temperature its intensity varies as a function of synopticheat sinks to dissipate excess urban heat. weather conditions, regional climatologicalAdvanced materials, high performance parameters, the urban layout and the overallsystems, and updated knowledge and skills on energy balance of the city. the design and application of urban mitigation strategies have been developed. Application Urban warming has a serious energy andof these techniques and technologies in large environmental impact. Apart of the importantscale projects has shown that it is possible to increase of the tropospheric ozone and thedecrease the average ambient temperature by other pollutants, review of existing energy12 K, while the potential decrease of the peak studies related to urban warming showambient temperature may be considerably 11 that peak electricity demand per degree ofhigher. Although recent advances in science temperature may rise between 0.45 and 4.6%,and design for the mitigation of urban heat while the corresponding increase in the peakhave been significant, more intensive research demand per person is close to 21 (10.4) Wand applications are necessary in order to per degree of temperature rise. In parallel, theenhance knowledge on the topic and improve hourly, daily or monthly electricity consumptionthe performance of the mitigation technologies.increases between 0.5% and 8.5% per degree of temperature rise. Studies aiming to evaluate the impact of global warming at city level show that the average energy penalty per unit of city surface is close to 2.4 (1.5) kW h/m2, the MUDD 24 - Urban Gateways | Urban NetworksINTRO 8pt.indd 12 26/11/2019 4:11:25 PM'