b'SYDNEY - BOSTON - FUKUOKA 2018 - 2019use, ambient temperatures may increase significantly.Figure 3: Cooling Degree Days in Various zones of Sydney.Figure 6: Mortality rate, Sydney Olympic Park, City ofFigure 7: Distribution of ambient temperatures Parramatta compared to Observatory Hill, Sydney.in Metropolitan Sydney calculated by mesoscale modelling for (a) one heat wave day in 2017; (b) a Figure 7 shows the results of mesoscaletypical summer day 2017; (c) a typical summer day simulations of ambient temperatures across2050 without taking into account change in land use; Metropolitan Sydney (a) for one heat wave day(d) a typical summer day 2050 taking into account in 2017; (b) a typical summer day in 2017;(cprojected land use change and population.& d) under projected 2050 climatic conditions taking or not taking into account land use change and population increase. As shown, Figure 4: Spatial Distribution of cooling degree daysambient temperatures for a typical summer in the greater Sydney area. day in 2050 may increase up to 4C, putting the local population under extreme stress. To counterbalance the impact of localTable 1: Calculated cooling load of a typical and global climate change in Westernresidential building in Western Sydney when various Sydney, the potential of several mitigationmitigation technologies are considered.technologies has been assessed in detail. More than 15 mitigation scenarios have been evaluated considering the use of reflecting materials, additional greenery, additional evapotranspiration, etc. It is calculated that the Figure 5: Distribution of the cooling energy demandapplication of reflective materials combined of a typical office building in locations acrosswith an increase of the evaporation levels can Metropolitan Sydney. decrease the peak ambient temperature up to 4C (Figure 7). It is evident that the use of well-Additional to the energy penalty, heat relateddesigned climate mitigation techniques may mortality and morbidity in Western Sydney isdecrease substantially the average and peak increasing by a factor of two compared to thetemperature conditions in Western Sydney.10Eastern suburbs of the city (Figure 6). SuchFigure 8. Calculated decrease of the ambient a health penalty has a serious impact on theThe impact of the considered mitigationtemperatures across Metropolitan Sydney when living conditions as well as on the health costtechnologies on energy and health has alsoseveral mitigation scenarios are applied: (a) typical in Western Sydney and increases tremendouslybeen assessed in detail. It is calculated that thesummer day 2017 withuse of reflective materials the stress on the local population. cooling energy demand of a typical residentialin streets, pavements and roofs; (b) irrigated green building in Western Sydney may decrease uproofs and 2 million new trees; (c) 50 % increase of Prediction of future climatic conditions into 50 % when the proper mitigation techniquesthe evaporation + irrigated green roofs + 2 million new Western Sydney shows that due to the impactare implemented (Table 1). trees; (d) 50 % increase of the evaporation + 5 million of global climate change, the increase innew trees + reflective materialspopulation and the change of land Master of Urban Development & Design 2018-2019INTRO 8pt.indd 11 26/11/2019 4:11:25 PM'