b'SYDNEY - BOSTON - FUKUOKA 2018 - 2019the added costs of transformers, and this meantafter being subjected to periodic arrivals ofThe reinvention was a post-war transition that greater accessibility would lead to largerexternal shocks, or to internal (self-generated)toward finance and professional services. The networks, which would allow further increasesdisturbances.As a result of this, Martintransition began in the 1960s and proceeded in scale and even greater accessibility.So, an(2012, Table 1) proposed three interpretations:at a relative steady pace through the 1970s, appropriately configured system would be self- (1) engineering resiliencethe ability of1980s, and 1990s (see Fig. 1).In the chart, reinforcing up to the technical limit of powera system to return to its assumed stableFIRE is an abbreviation for finance, insurance transmission.Accessibility is therefore moreequilibrium following a shock or disturbance, (2)and real estate.TCPU denotes transport, than technical openness; it can be elevated toecological resiliencethe scale of a shock orcommerce and public utilities.Within FIRE, an essential ingredient for successful growth ofdisturbance that a system can observe beforesecurities displayed by highest rate of spatial networks.it is de-stabilised and changed to anotheremployment growth (Fig. 2).More recent configuration, and (3) adaptive resilience data for employment in the services sub-Accessibility has been extended to includethe ability of a system to undergo anticipatorysectors indicate that professional, science the possibility of opportunities for humanor reactionary reorganisation of form so as toand technical services and healthcare plus interaction, to the ease with which land-useminimise the impact of the destabilising shock. social assistance have become the fastest activities can be reached for a given locationDespite a substantial amount of researchgrowing sub-sectors (Boston Planning & and the freedom of individuals to decideon these three forms of resilience, includingDevelopment Agency Research Division whether or not to participate in availablea wide variety of algorithms to simulate2018).The transition to service activities opportunities (Geurs 2014).Higher levelsoutcomes based on an even wider variety ofwas therefore broadly based with sub-sector of accessibility are generally viewed as aassumed destabilising influences, the potentialclusters consisting of private sector enterprises boost to the quality of life in urban areas, butfor practical applications of the research workwith either direct or indirect linkages to a case study of employment accessibility inremains uncertain. universities within the area, as well as with the Boston Metropolitan Area indicated thatother enterprises.it could generate the dual effect of locationalA third attribute of spatial networks is their equalisation and socio-spatial polarisationcapacity to be linked to social capital, which (Shen 1998, p.462).That is, with increasingis said to be the glue that holds all social accessibility, lower income workers couldinstitutions together (World Bank 1998), find themselves in a disadvantaged positionand simultaneously to facilitate continued since the wealthy suburban communities mayinvestment in social capital.A recent study by receive a disproportionately large amount ofJohn sth, et al. (2018) confirmed the notion the benefit from the technologically reducedthat there is a close association between distance in the urban space.Similar resultsaccessibility and social capital, with increasing were obtained by Sable (2007) in relation toshares of higher levels of education having a the impact of the biotechnology industry onpositive correlation with social capital.Edward local economic development in the Boston andGlaeser, et al. (2002), found evidence that theFigure 1: Employment by Services Sub-Sectors in the San Diego metropolitan areas.These studiesaccumulation of social capital is correlatedCity of Boston 1970-1998. with human capital, but no conclusions couldSource: Boston Redevelopment Authority (1999)show that applications of technology in urban development do not necessarily distribute thebe drawn about causality, so both may be benefits equally.Awareness of this is relevantinfluenced by another factor or factors.We to the work of urban planners and designersadd to this the conclusion reached by Glaeser since compensating features could be built into(2005) in his enquiry into the capacity of14urban design projects at relatively low costs ifBoston to reinvent itself during the 60 years introduced at an early stage of planning andof economic decline from 1920 to 1980.It construction. was attributed principally to the citys strong base of skilled workers, with the additional The other important attribute of networkswillingness of the people to innovate, rather is known as resilience, which originallythan to flee, plus a capacity to build upon focused on the technical reliability of thefinancial and technological know-how when system, but, as with accessibility, it has beenthe manufacturing sector began to decline, extended to include other factors such asmainly as a result of changes in technologyFigure 2: Employment Growth within FIRE. that created a comparative disadvantage forSource: Boston Redevelopment Authority (1999)the capacity to recover peak performance Boston.Master of Urban Development & Design 2018-2019INTRO 8pt.indd 15 26/11/2019 4:11:26 PM'