b'program. Beyond the input by the full-time academicwith these issues and find specific solutions. The staff, a key underpinning of the pedagogical processagreements reached are often in a delicate balance. is provided by the content, timing and qualities of the additional (sessional) staff that come in at appropriateThis is what the following paragraphs try to illustrate points in time to teach, test and deliver the requiredfrom the viewpoint of an international perspective. A digital and design skills. I commented on the way incase in point is represented by the polarities of town which this bundle of methods had matured over 20 yearsplanning with its Anglo-Saxon pedigree on the one and how it had contributed to the steep learning curvehand, and an approach to urban design focused on the taken by the students. architecture of the city7and the urban project on the other, as conceived predominantly by architects of the Today, I am looking beyond those structures at theMediterranean countries. Michael Hebberts essay on way in which the different disciplines -architecture,town planning vs. urbanismo8provides a clear account landscape architecture, urban design, planning,of the emergence of the two paradigms around the early economics and political & social science - have20th century and the aggressive fights between their contributed to the special qualities of the programinrespective proponents in the post-war yearsa struggle the daily practice of teaching and research as well thebetween two approaches which should ideally combine way this has been reflected in major works on the theoryas an integrated approach to urban development and and practice of urban development and design,5anddesign. What Hebbert describes as the triumphant provocative essays in the MUDD yearbooks. It is the veryascendancy of the urbanism paradigm over the Anglo-nature of interdisciplinary co-operation and educationSaxon model of planning as process9may sound like that each of the disciplines involved contributes itsthe final judgment by the arbiter, but it is by no means specific perspectives, techniques, and ways of seeing.the end of the story. The unproductive fights between the Merging the views from different windows requirestwo continue in all countriesincluding Germany and common areas of understanding in spite of contrastingAustria, where a third approach arose under the heading approaches, different definitions of priorities, andof Stdtebau. different languages.Stdtebau is still a forte of the German approach to How does the autonomous nature of architectural designcity making as evidenced in internationally observed as a creative act fit with the discursive, critical narrativemodel projects such as Hamburgs HafenCity, Vauban of the social sciences and the normative dimensions ofin Freiburg, the French Quarter, Tbingen and Kassels urban planning? While architecture has its own languageUnterneustadt. Stdtebau, literally city building and narratives, follows norms, responds to social needs,translates more meaningfully as urban design. Its and produces buildings on the basis of economic andorigins lie in the period around 1900, when it integrated other parameters, architects plans are not the same asthe pioneering works of urban designers, architects the far-reaching urban design frameworks produced byand urban economists, legislators and mayors and urban designers, simply on a smaller scale. Enlarginguniversities. It was developed in local government the scale from one building to several to give form to apractice and also taught in architecture faculties. public square does not constitute urban design. SomeHowever, as the long wave of modern functionalist of this years Urban Design Awards by the Australianplanning began in the inter-war years and reached its Institute of Architects illustrate this point.6 climax in the 1970s, with architects and planners joined by and in fact often dominated by highway engineers, The nature of these statements as truisms tends tothis tradition of Stdtebau was, surprisingly, forgotten. overshadow their inherent complexity, their potential forOutside of Germany by contrast, and indeed mainly controversy and the creativity needed to bring differentin the home countries of urbanismo,10 - Italy and discourses to resolution. Over time and varying in everySpain - the contributions of these pioneers continued country, in every institutional debate and educationalto be discussed and published in translations. Their re-program, interdisciplinary co-operation has to grapplediscovery in the late 1970s and early 1980s at 13P1-20200229-FOLIO INTRO.indd 16 2020/3/5 21:42:43'